Journal: Veterinary Research

Article Title: Mechanistic role of lipid metabolism in foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) replication

doi: 10.1186/s13567-026-01762-6

Figure Lengend Snippet: The effect of FASN on FMDV replication. A BHK-21 cells were treated with 30 μM C75, 75 μM palmitic acid, or 30 μM C75 plus 75 μM palmitic acid. After fixation, cells were stained with Nile red. Scale bar, 20 µm. B BHK-21 cells were treated with 5–45 μM C75 for 24 h, and cell viability was not significantly affected. C Cytopathic effect (CPE) following FMDV infection in the presence of increasing concentrations of C75. D RT–qPCR confirmed that C75 treatment inhibits FMDV replication. E Western blot analysis verified that C75 treatment suppresses the expression of FMDV VP1 protein. F Combined treatment with 10 μM C75 and TOFA exerted a stronger inhibitory effect on FMDV replication. G Viral plaque assay demonstrated that C75 treatment significantly inhibits FMDV replication. H BHK-21 cells were treated with 5–75 μM palmitic acid for 24 h, and cell viability was not substantially affected. I RT–qPCR showed that, in the presence of 30 μM C75, supplementation with 0–75 μM palmitic acid partially restored FMDV replication. J Western blot analysis confirmed that, in the presence of 45 μM C75, addition of 75 μM palmitic acid partially rescued FMDV VP1 protein expression. K BHK-21 cells were treated with 5–30 μM 2-bromopalmitate (2‑BP) for 24 h, and cell viability was not significantly affected. L RT–qPCR confirmed that 2‑BP treatment inhibits FMDV replication. M Western blot analysis verified that 2‑BP treatment suppresses the expression of FMDV VP1 protein.

Article Snippet: The hamster kidney fibroblasts (BHK-21) used in the experiments were purchased from Wuhan Punosai Life Science and Technology Co. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase inhibitor TOFA (HY-100568) was purchased from MedChemExpress (MCE); fatty acid synthase inhibitor C75 (HY-12364) was purchased from MCE; malonyl-CoA (HY-115899) was purchased from MCE; palmitic acid (HY-N0830) was purchased from MCE; DGAT-1 inhibitor A922500 (HY-10038) was purchased from MCE; oleic acid (HY-N1446) was purchased from MCE; CPT1A inhibitors Etomoxir (HY-50202) and CP640186 (HY-15259) were purchased from MCE; and rabbit polyclonal antibody against FMDV VP1 protein (type O) (bs-41049R) was purchased from Beijing Biosynthesis Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (bioss).

Techniques: Staining, Infection, Quantitative RT-PCR, Western Blot, Expressing, Viral Plaque Assay

Journal: Veterinary Research

Article Title: Mechanistic role of lipid metabolism in foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) replication

doi: 10.1186/s13567-026-01762-6

Figure Lengend Snippet: Utilization of the lipid metabolism model during FMDV infection. ACC catalyzes the carboxylation of acetyl-CoA to generate malonyl-CoA; malonyl-CoA and acetyl-CoA are catalyzed by FASN to produce fatty acids; fatty acids are catalyzed by DGAT-1 to form triglycerides, which are stored in LDs; the degradation of LDs generates a large amount of FFAs, which are transported into mitochondria under the action of CPT1A to participate in β-oxidation for ATP production.

Article Snippet: The hamster kidney fibroblasts (BHK-21) used in the experiments were purchased from Wuhan Punosai Life Science and Technology Co. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase inhibitor TOFA (HY-100568) was purchased from MedChemExpress (MCE); fatty acid synthase inhibitor C75 (HY-12364) was purchased from MCE; malonyl-CoA (HY-115899) was purchased from MCE; palmitic acid (HY-N0830) was purchased from MCE; DGAT-1 inhibitor A922500 (HY-10038) was purchased from MCE; oleic acid (HY-N1446) was purchased from MCE; CPT1A inhibitors Etomoxir (HY-50202) and CP640186 (HY-15259) were purchased from MCE; and rabbit polyclonal antibody against FMDV VP1 protein (type O) (bs-41049R) was purchased from Beijing Biosynthesis Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (bioss).

Techniques: Infection

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: De novo COVID-19-associated insulin resistance drives dysregulated neutrophil extracellular trap formation (NETosis) four months after infection

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1787799

Figure Lengend Snippet: Evaluation of NETosis in neutrophils of the study cohort by flow cytometry. (A) Flow cytometry plot strategy for the identification of PMN populations, neutrophils (using CD-16/anti-Singlec8 staining), quantification of TLR7/8 and identification of NETosis (using Live/Dead Dye and Sytox Blue staining). (B) Scatter plots showing the quantification of the percentage of baseline NETosis in neutrophils from the three patient groups of the study cohort. Ordinary one-way ANOVA *p <0.05. (C) Paired data scatter plots comparing the percentage of baseline NETosis and when stimulated with IL-6 (20ng/mL) and TNFα (2ng/mL). 2-way ANOVA **p <0.01. Scatter plots showing the quantification of the expression of (D) TLR7 and (E) TLR8 according to median fluorescence intensity (MFI). Ordinary one-way ANOVA. (F) Scatter plots of paired data comparing the percentage of baseline NETosis against stimuli on TLR receptors such as ImiQ (2μg/mL), (G) R848 (2μg/mL), (H) CL075 (1μg/mL), (I) ssRNA40 (1μg/mL) and (J) ssRNA41 (1μg/mL). For panels (F–J) , 2-way ANOVA *p <0.05, **p <0.01 ***p <0.005.

Article Snippet: For NETosis, 1 x 10 6 cells were incubated for 30 minutes at 37 °C and 5% CO2 under basal conditions or using IL-6 (20ng/mL) and TNFα (2ng/mL), or TLR7/8 agonists (CL075 (1μg/mL), ImiQ (2μg/mL), and R848 (2μg/mL), ssRNA40 (1μg/mL) and ssRNA 41(1μg/mL) (Catalog No.tlrl-kit3hw3, InvivoGen).

Techniques: Flow Cytometry, Staining, Expressing, Fluorescence